The majority view of modern scholars is that the Torah does not give an accurate account of the origins of the Israelites, who appear instead to have formed as an entity in the central highlands of Canaan in the late second millennium BCE from the indigenous Canaanite culture. Its message is that the Israelites were delivered from slavery by Yahweh their god, and therefore belong to him by covenant. It tells a story of Israelite enslavement and eventual departure from Egypt, revelations at biblical Mount Sinai, and wanderings in the wilderness up to the borders of Canaan. ISBN 9781444320060.Scholars classify the Exodus as the founding myth of the Israelites, recounted in the Book of Exodus. "The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom". The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. 'Never had the liked occurred': Egypt's View of its Past. "Literature as a Construction of the Past in the Middle Kingdom". Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History. The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation. Gods of Our Fathers: The Memory of Egypt in Judaism and Christianity. "The Reception of a Middle Egyptian Poem: The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All". List of artifacts in biblical archaeology.The papyrus' statement that the "river is blood" phrase may refer to the red sediment colouring the Nile during disastrous floods, or simply be a poetic image of turmoil. There are disparities between Ipuwer and the narrative in the Book of Exodus, such as that the papyrus describes the Asiatics as arriving in Egypt rather than leaving. This assertion has not gained acceptance among scholars. Ipuwer has often been put forward in popular literature as confirmation of the biblical account of the Exodus, most notably because of its statement that " the river is blood" and its frequent references to servants running away. Ian Shaw does not consider the Admonitions to be a reliable account of early Egyptian history, because of the long time interval between its original composition and the writing of the Leiden Papyrus. Toby Wilkinson suggested that the Admonitions and Khakheperresenb may thus have been composed during the reign of Senusret III, a pharaoh well known for his use of propaganda. In more recent times, it was found that the Admonitions, along with the Complaints of Khakheperraseneb, are most likely works of royal propaganda, both inspired by the earlier Prophecy of Neferti: the three compositions have in common the theme of a nation that has been plunged into chaos and disarray and the need for an intransigent king who would defeat chaos and restore maat. It was previously thought that the Admonitions of Ipuwer presents an objective portrait of Egypt in the First Intermediate Period. It is a textual lamentation, close to Sumerian City Laments and to Egyptian laments for the dead, using the past (the destruction of Memphis at the end of the Old Kingdom) as a gloomy backdrop to an ideal future. The Admonitions is considered the world's earliest known treatise on political ethics, suggesting that a good king is one who controls unjust officials, thus carrying out the will of the gods. The Ipuwer Papyrus has been dated no earlier than the Nineteenth Dynasty, around 1250 BCE but the text itself is much older, and dated back no earlier than the late Twelfth Dynasty of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. It is likely that the poem concluded with a reply of the Lord of All, or prophesying the coming of a powerful king who would restore order. The story continues with the recalling of better days until it abruptly ends due to the missing final part of the papyrus. This is followed by a vivid description of the disorders: there is no longer any respect for the law and even the king's burial inside the pyramid has been desecrated. He demands that the Lord of All (a title which could refer to either the king or the creator sun-god) destroys his enemies and remembers his religious duties. In the poem, Ipuwer – a name typical of the period 1850–1450 BCE – complains that the world has been turned upside-down: a woman who had not a single box now owns furniture, a girl who used to looks at her face in the water now has a mirror, while the once-rich man is now in rags. It contains the Admonitions of Ipuwer, an incomplete literary work whose original composition is dated no earlier than the late Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (c.1991–1803 BCE). The Ipuwer Papyrus (officially Papyrus Leiden I 344 recto) is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus made during the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, and now held in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, Netherlands.
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